ASSESSMENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND BACKGROUND IONIZING RADIATION IN SELECTED COMPANIES IN TRANS AMADI INDUSTRIAL LAYOUT IN PORTHARCOURT RIVERS STATE
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ASSESSMENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND BACKGROUND IONIZING RADIATION IN SELECTED COMPANIES IN TRANS AMADI INDUSTRIAL LAYOUT IN PORTHARCOURT RIVERS STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Industrialization has become one of the major drivers of economic growth and technological advancement in Nigeria. However, industrial activities often come with environmental consequences, especially in terms of the release of hazardous substances into the environment. One area of concern is the presence of trace elements and the emission of ionizing radiation in industrial settings. Trace elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) may be released into the environment through industrial effluents, combustion processes, and manufacturing activities (Akinola et al., 2019). These elements, in excessive concentrations, can pose significant health risks, including toxicity, carcinogenicity, and bioaccumulation in the food chain (WHO, 2017).
Ionizing radiation, on the other hand, occurs both naturally and as a result of human activities. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) are found in rocks, soils, and water and may become concentrated during industrial processes such as petroleum refining, steel production, and chemical manufacturing (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation [UNSCEAR], 2020). Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation can cause cellular damage, increase cancer risk, and affect genetic material (International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA], 2014).
Port Harcourt, the capital of Rivers State, is one of Nigeria’s major industrial hubs. The Trans Amadi Industrial Layout hosts a variety of companies including oil and gas service firms, food and beverage manufacturers, chemical processing plants, and metal fabrication industries. These industries have the potential to release pollutants into the surrounding environment, thereby impacting air, water, soil quality, and background radiation levels (Eneke et al., 2021).
Monitoring the concentration of trace elements and the levels of background ionizing radiation is critical for assessing occupational and environmental safety. Such assessments not only help in determining compliance with national and international safety standards but also in developing appropriate mitigation strategies to protect workers and surrounding communities (Omeje et al., 2020).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Industrial operations in the Trans Amadi Industrial Layout have expanded significantly over the past two decades, raising concerns about environmental pollution and radiation exposure. Studies in other industrial zones have shown elevated levels of heavy metals and radiation beyond permissible limits, often linked to industrial emissions and poor waste management (Okoye & Nwankwo, 2019). However, there is limited site-specific data for Trans Amadi, especially on the combined assessment of trace elements and background ionizing radiation.
The lack of adequate environmental monitoring could result in prolonged human exposure to harmful substances and radiation, potentially causing health issues such as respiratory disorders, cancers, neurological problems, and organ damage (WHO, 2021). Without systematic evaluation, policy makers and industry regulators may be unable to implement effective control measures.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to assess the concentration of trace elements and background ionizing radiation in selected companies in the Trans Amadi Industrial Layout, Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
The specific objectives are to:
Determine the concentration of selected trace elements in environmental samples from the study area.
Measure background ionizing radiation levels in and around selected companies.
Compare measured values with national and international safety standards.
Identify potential sources of contamination and radiation exposure in the study area.
Make recommendations for environmental safety management based on the findings.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will address the following research questions:
What are the concentrations of selected trace elements in the environmental samples from the study area?
What are the background ionizing radiation levels in the selected industrial sites?
How do the measured values compare with permissible limits?
What are the possible sources of trace element contamination and radiation exposure in the study area?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study will provide baseline data on trace elements and background ionizing radiation in the Trans Amadi Industrial Layout. This information will be beneficial to:
Regulatory agencies such as the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) in formulating effective environmental and occupational safety policies.
Industrial managers for ensuring compliance with safety standards and improving waste management practices.
Researchers as reference material for further environmental health studies in similar industrial settings.
The local community by raising awareness on potential environmental hazards.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study will focus on selected companies within the Trans Amadi Industrial Layout, representing different industrial categories. The investigation will include sampling of soil, air, and water where applicable, to determine trace element concentrations, as well as measuring background ionizing radiation using portable radiation survey meters. The study will not cover non-industrial areas of Port Harcourt or other types of radiation such as non-ionizing electromagnetic fields.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Possible limitations may include:
Restricted access to certain company premises due to security or confidentiality concerns.
Variability in environmental conditions such as weather, which may influence readings.
Limited funding for extensive laboratory analyses of all possible trace elements.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Trace Elements: Naturally occurring elements present in low concentrations in the environment, some of which may be toxic at elevated levels.
Background Ionizing Radiation: Radiation present in the environment from natural or anthropogenic sources, excluding localized industrial sources.
NORMs: Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials, which can become concentrated during certain industrial processes.
Industrial Pollution: The release of pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals, and particulates from industrial activities into the environment.
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