An Analysis of How GNSS Improves Accuracy in Land Measurement and Mapping
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An Analysis of How GNSS Improves Accuracy in Land Measurement and Mapping
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Land surveying is a fundamental activity in land administration, engineering construction, urban planning, and environmental management. It involves the measurement and mapping of the Earth’s surface to determine positions, distances, and elevations of natural and man-made features (Wolf & Ghilani, 2012). Traditionally, surveying relied on terrestrial instruments such as chains, theodolites, and total stations. While these methods are still relevant, they are often time-consuming and limited by line-of-sight constraints and cumulative human errors.
The advent of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has significantly transformed land surveying practices. GNSS refers to a constellation of satellites that provide positioning, navigation, and timing services to users worldwide. Major GNSS include the United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo, and China’s BeiDou (Hofmann-Wellenhof, Lichtenegger, & Wasle, 2008). These systems allow surveyors to determine precise three-dimensional coordinates anywhere on Earth with minimal reliance on ground control points.
GNSS technology improves surveying accuracy by reducing observational errors, enhancing data collection speed, and enabling real-time positioning techniques such as Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Differential GNSS (DGNSS) (Leick, Rapoport, & Tatarnikov, 2015). These techniques correct satellite signal errors caused by atmospheric delays, clock biases, and orbital uncertainties, resulting in centimeter-level accuracy for many surveying applications.
In developing countries, including Nigeria, GNSS has become increasingly important due to rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and the need for accurate land records. Accurate land surveys support secure land tenure, effective property taxation, and sustainable land use planning (FIG, 2014). Therefore, understanding how GNSS influences the accuracy of land surveying is essential for modern surveying practice and national development.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the widespread adoption of GNSS in land surveying, challenges remain regarding the consistency and reliability of positioning accuracy. Factors such as signal obstruction from buildings and trees, multipath errors, atmospheric disturbances, and poor satellite geometry can degrade GNSS accuracy (Hofmann-Wellenhof et al., 2008; Leick et al., 2015).
In many developing regions, limited access to reference stations, inadequate technical training, and improper equipment calibration further affect the quality of GNSS-based survey results. This raises concerns about the validity of cadastral boundaries, engineering layouts, and geospatial databases that depend on GNSS-derived coordinates.
While GNSS is generally considered more accurate than traditional methods, empirical evidence is needed to evaluate its actual influence on land surveying accuracy in practical field conditions. There is also a need to compare GNSS-based techniques with conventional surveying methods to determine their strengths and limitations. This study therefore seeks to examine how GNSS affects the accuracy of land surveying and to identify factors that influence its performance in real-world applications.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
Aim:
The main aim of this study is to examine the influence of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) on the accuracy of land surveying.
Objectives:
The specific objectives are to:
Describe the evolution and components of GNSS used in land surveying.
Assess the level of accuracy achievable with GNSS-based surveying techniques.
Compare GNSS surveying accuracy with traditional surveying methods.
Identify factors affecting GNSS accuracy in land surveying.
Evaluate the implications of GNSS accuracy for cadastral and engineering surveys.
1.4 Research Questions
What are the main GNSS technologies used in land surveying?
How accurate are GNSS-based surveying methods compared to traditional techniques?
What factors influence the accuracy of GNSS in land surveying?
How does GNSS accuracy affect cadastral boundary determination and engineering layouts?
What strategies can improve GNSS accuracy in practical surveying operations?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant to:
Surveyors and Geomatics Professionals: by providing insights into best practices for improving GNSS survey accuracy (Leick et al., 2015).
Land Administrators: by enhancing the reliability of cadastral records and land tenure systems (FIG, 2014).
Engineers and Planners: by supporting accurate site layout and infrastructure development.
Policy Makers: by informing investments in GNSS infrastructure and reference networks.
Researchers and Students: by contributing to the body of knowledge on GNSS applications in surveying.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the use of GNSS in land surveying and its influence on positional accuracy. It covers cadastral, topographic, and engineering surveys but does not extend to marine or aviation navigation applications.
1.7 Operational Definition of Key Terms
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System): A system of satellites that provides global positioning and timing information.
GPS: The United States GNSS constellation.
Accuracy: The degree to which a measured position conforms to its true value.
RTK (Real-Time Kinematic): A GNSS technique that provides real-time centimeter-level positioning.
DGNSS: A method that improves GNSS accuracy using corrections from a reference station.
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